The human brain is the source of our thoughts, perceptions, actions, and memories; it confers on us the abilities that make us truly human, while simultaneously making each of us unique. We are entering into a golden age of brain science in which neuroscientists from around the globe are making significant leaps in the understanding of the brain. Over the last decade, neuroscience has advanced to the level that we can envision a comprehensive understanding of the brain in action, spanning molecules, cells, circuits, systems, behaviour, and even thought. In this seminar, we will discuss our current state of knowledge about the human brain. We will review the general anatomy and function of the human brain and will discuss recent technological innovations that are opening new doors to explore how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves new information. We will conclude our discussion on how these new innovations are shedding light on the complex links between brain function and behaviour—advances that are leading to new ways to treat, prevent, and cure brain disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, autism, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury.